A couple of weeks ago, I finished a short course in book reviewing.
We discussed things like the changing culture of reviewing with the
advent of social media and decline in traditional publishing, and the
recent debate regarding the pros and cons of printing a negative
reviews. We also made a couple of stabs at review writing. I doubt I
will embark on a career as a reviewer anytime soon, but it was a good
exercise to have to generate a perspective on a book as I read it, and
then present that perspective in some coherent fashion. Here's a little
sample of my efforts:
Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act
According
to Clay Risen, we tend to credit the achievement of the Civil Rights
Act to Lyndon B. Johnson and Martin Luther King, Jr. largely because
theirs are the names and stories with which we are familiar. Risen is
kind enough to include himself in the “we” but I suspect he doesn’t
actually belong there. I, however, do. In a word association game, I
would complete “Emancipation Proclamation” with “Abraham Lincoln” and
the “The New Deal” with “FDR,” because those are the only names I know.
If there were more in my high school A.P. history study guide, I don’t
remember them.
Unfortunately, Risen notes, our tendency to assign
credit in such a simplified manner is both unfair and inaccurate. “The
idea that either King or Johnson was the dominant figure behind the
Civil Rights Act,” he writes, “distorts not only the history of the act
but the process of American legislative policymaking in general.”
In
The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act, Risen
sets out to correct that distortion by presenting us with the literary
equivalent to a “making of,” documentary, beginning in early 1963, a
point during John F. Kennedy’s term at which civil rights legislation
was at low ebb, and tracing the gradual rise of tide leading to the
signing of the Civil Rights Bill on July 2, 1964.
A work that sets
out to reframe historical events can’t help but shine a light on the
fact that any view of history is a result of framing. Maybe this is why I
found myself drawn to the moments in the book that revealed how players
strove to frame events even as they were happening. While some examples
of this—like a gala White House reception where Langston Hughes and
Sammy Davis Junior rub elbows with Democrats for the cameras in a ploy
to distract from John F. Kennedy’s meager progress on civil rights—felt
par for the political course, other instances gave me pause.
Here’s
one: In 1963, confronted by the knowledge that his movement was in
danger of fading away due to a distracted public and a federal
government refusing to intervene on states’ Jim Crow rulings, Martin
Luther King Junior approved the plans for the Birmingham “children’s
crusade.” On May 2, 1963, hundreds of children poured onto a plaza. At
the end of two days, many were jailed and “photographers had snapped
hundreds of pictures of German shepherds, their teeth sinking into young
boys and girls.”
Just to recap: MLK, the “I have a dream” guy,
sent kids to battle with angry policemen and big dogs. (Risen, by the
way, does not react to this with the surprise I felt, probably because
he is the author of an entire book related to King, and knows many
things about him that aren’t inspirational quotes posted to Facebook.)
In
the wake of the incident, Attorney General Burke Marshall publicly
denounced the move, saying, “An injured, maimed or dead child is a price
that none of us can afford.” Other politicians, however, turned their
criticism toward the Birmingham police. The story and images from the
event galvanized the civil rights movement, caused demonstrations to
spark around the country and led key players, including Marshall, to
realize that federal legislation was needed. Whether or not the means
justified the ends, they were successful in achieving them
Here’s
another item that I didn’t learn in A.P. history: The historic showdown
between George Wallace and Deputy Attorney General Nicolas Katzenbach at
the University of Alabama was rigged. “Wallace, [Katzenbach]
realized... might believe his racist convictions, but acted on them
mostly to appease voters. Katzenbach would go to Tuscaloosa himself...
let Wallace have his show, then insist on escorting the students to
register. Wallace, through a back channel,... told Kennedy he would
comply.”
The first third of the
Bill of the Century—which
runs some 290 pages including 40 pages of citations—depicts events
leading up to the introduction of the Civil Rights Bill in June 1963.
The final two-thirds details the tactics and maneuvers required to push
the bill through —in back rooms, on the streets and on the Senate and
House floors. Although no summary could be sufficient, Risen’s
recounting of a memo written by Katzenbach to Robert Kennedy during the
early life of the bill might give a sense of what was involved:
“If
the goal was to get the bill intact through the Senate, then a
filibuster was inevitable—which meant they needed 67 votes to stop
debate and bring the bill to a vote.... The only way to do that.... was
to get [Senate Minority Leader Everett] Dirksen on board.... Because
Katzenbach could then take Dirksen’s support of the bill to the House
Republicans, who were open to civil rights but wary of siding with
legislation that might get pared back in the Senate. Dirksen, of
course, did not support Title II, but Katzenbach hoped that his support
on everything else could give momentum to the bill in the House, and
that by the time it reached the Senate, Dirksen would have to choose
between agreeing to the entire bill or standing in the way of historic
legislation.”
If it sounds complex and confusing, it is. Risen, an accomplished journalist and author of
A Nation on Fire, America in the Wake of the King Assassination,
admirably manages to introduce and contextualize dozens of
individuals—senators, congressmen, and myriad civilian activists—as well
as organizations and political factions, but the density of information
he is delivering can make for strenuous reading. I’ve no doubt been
spoiled by textbooks and
George R.R. Martin novels, but by page
150 I would have been grateful for a fold-out timeline, a tree graph
showing all the characters and their affiliations, and maybe a
cheat-sheet with acronyms and their translations.
Despite this, I recommend
The Bill of the Century.
“The story of the civil rights bill,” says Risen “is about the
interplay between elected officials, government officials, lobbyists,
and countless thousands of activists around the country, pushing and
pulling each other toward their common goal.” That story, with all its
details, dramas and complexities, is what Risen delivers.
